ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) is a life-support system that oxygenates the blood outside the body when the heart or lungs fail severely. Unlike operating-room extracorporeal circulation, ECMO can be maintained for days or weeks in critically ill patients, both within and outside cardiac surgery.
ECMO has become a key tool in intensive care units. Managing it requires a specialized team in which the perfusionist plays a central role.
The two types of ECMO
Veno-arterial ECMO (VA)
Provides both cardiac and respiratory support. Indicated in cardiogenic shock and severe cardiac failure.
Veno-venous ECMO (VV)
Provides respiratory support only, for patients with preserved cardiac function (e.g. severe ARDS).
Common indications
- Severe respiratory failure that does not respond to mechanical ventilation.
- Cardiogenic shock or acute cardiac failure.
- Bridge to recovery, to transplant or to a therapeutic decision.
ECMO versus CPB
Although they share the same principles (pump + oxygenator), extracorporeal circulation (CPB) is used temporarily during cardiac surgery, whereas ECMO is prolonged support for the critically ill patient. Review the full difference in what perfusion is.
The global reference: ELSO
The Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) maintains the international registry, guidelines and benchmark congresses in ECMO. Find ELSO and other organizations in our directory.
Frequently asked questions
What is ECMO?
Life support that oxygenates the blood outside the body when the heart or lungs fail, for days or weeks.
What is the difference between VA and VV ECMO?
VA provides cardiac and respiratory support; VV provides respiratory support only, for patients with preserved cardiac function.
Who manages ECMO?
A multidisciplinary team in which the perfusionist plays a central role alongside intensivists and surgeons.